The TNF superfamily (TNFSF) comprises 19 ligands and 29 receptors that function as central coordinators of immune homeostasis, inflammation, and programmed cell death. These molecules regulate T-cell and B-cell responses, mediate apoptosis in transformed cells, and shape the tumor microenvironment. Because TNFSF dysregulation drives both protective immunity and pathological states—including cytokine storms, autoimmunity, and cancer—accurate, species-appropriate quantification is essential for mechanistic studies and translational research.
Also known as: Cachectin, DIF, TNFA
TNF-α is one of the earliest and most potent cytokines released during innate immune activation. It plays a dual role: driving rapid antiviral and antibacterial responses while also contributing to the cytokine storm pathology seen in severe viral infections. In oncology, TNF-α exhibits paradoxical behavior within the tumor microenvironment (TME)—low-level signaling can support anti-tumor immunity, whereas chronic elevation promotes inflammation-driven tumor progression, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance.
Emerging research also positions TNF-α as a key component of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells secrete TNF-α and other factors that reshape the tissue microenvironment, influencing tumor relapse and immune surveillance.
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Related reading: Learn more in our guide to Profiling SASP Markers in Cancer Research.
Also known as: CD253, APO2L, Apo-2 Ligand
TRAIL stands apart in the TNF superfamily due to its remarkable ability to induce apoptosis selectively in transformed and malignant cells while sparing most normal cells. This tumor-selective cytotoxicity has made soluble TRAIL and its death receptors (DR4/DR5) major focuses in cancer immunotherapy research, including studies of agonist antibodies, recombinant TRAIL therapies, and mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance.
Quantifying TRAIL levels or its receptors in patient-derived samples and preclinical models helps researchers evaluate immune surveillance, predict response to apoptosis-inducing agents, and understand how tumors evade death receptor signaling.
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BAFF and APRIL are critical survival and maturation factors for B lymphocytes. They support B-cell homeostasis, class switching, and antibody production. Dysregulated BAFF/APRIL signaling contributes to the survival of autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases. These ligands are therefore both important biomarkers of disease activity and validated therapeutic targets for B-cell depleting biologics.
Our BAFF and APRIL ELISA kits enable precise measurement in serum and plasma, supporting longitudinal monitoring in autoimmune models and human cohort studies.
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Every Reddot Biotech TNFSF ELISA kit is manufactured under strict quality standards and undergoes comprehensive testing to deliver the reproducibility your research demands.
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All kits are labeled Research Use Only (RUO) and are intended strictly for laboratory research applications.
Q: What is the difference between measuring TNF-α and TRAIL in oncology research?
A: While both belong to the TNF superfamily, they serve distinct roles. TNF-α is a master regulator that can paradoxically promote inflammation-driven tumor progression or support anti-tumor immunity within the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, TRAIL (TNFSF10) is highly valued in immunotherapy research for its unique ability to selectively induce apoptosis in malignant cells while sparing normal tissue.
Q: What sample matrices are validated for TNF superfamily ELISA kits?
A: Our TNFSF kits are rigorously tested for high spike-and-recovery rates and excellent linearity across a variety of biological matrices. While specific validations vary by target, our kits are generally validated for serum, plasma, cell culture supernatants, tissue homogenates, and cell lysates. Always refer to the specific product datasheet for your exact target.
Q: How are Traditional and Ready-to-Use ELISA kits different?
A: Ready-to-Use ELISA kits have some slight optimizations to make them more user-friendly, but our Traditional kits have a lower price point. Both options have the same high level of quality and sensitivity.
Q: How should I store my Traditional ELISA kits?
A: Always store kits as directed in the manual or on labels. For Traditional ELISA kits from Reddot Biotech, store the TMB Substrate, Wash Solution Concentrate, and Stop Solution at 4oC, and the rest of the components at -20oC for up to 12 months.
Q: What dilution should I use for my samples with Traditional ELISA kits?
A: The dilution for your samples will depend on the concentration of the analyte in your sample. For best results, we recommend performing a preliminary concentration gradient experiment to determine the optimal dilution ratio for your samples before you begin. For reference values or more information, contact us here.
When you choose Reddot Biotech products, you’re choosing high quality, research-ready reagents specifically designed to help your experiments succeed. We believe in supporting scientists on their way to the next big breakthrough to make the world a better place. If you have any questions or concerns, or just want some advice, we are always here to help.
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